Contributed by Prof. Dr. Nazeer Ahmed, PhD
- Khulfa e Rashidoon
- Abu Bakr as Siddiq (r) (632-634)
- Omar Ibn al Khattab (r) (634-644)
- Uthman ibn Affan (r) (644-656)
- Ali ibn Abu Talib (r) (656-661)
- The Ithna Ashari Imams
- Ali ibn Abu Talib (r) (656-661)
- Hassan ibn Ali (661-669)
- Hussain ibn Ali (669-680)
- Zain ul Abedin (680-712)
- Al Baqir (712-731)
- Ja’afar as Saadiq (731-765)
- Musa al Kazim (765-799)
- Ali al Rida (799-818)
- Al Jawad (818-835)
- Al Hadi (835-868)
- Al Askari (868-874)
- Al Muntazar (874-878)
- The Fatimid Imams
- Ali ibn Abu Talib (r) (656-661)
- Hassan ibn Ali (661-669)
- Hussain ibn Ali (669-680)
- Zain ul Abedin (680-712)
- Al Baqir (712-731)
- Ja’afar as Saadiq (731-765)
- Ismail (760)
- The Umayyad Caliphs of Damascus
- Muawiya bin Abu Sufyan (661-680)
- Yazid (680-683)
- Muawiya II (683-684)
- Marwan I (684-685)
- Abdul Malik (685-705)
- Al Walid I (705-715)
- Suleyman (715-717)
- Omar bin Abdul Azeez (717-720)
- Yazid II (720-724)
- Hisham (724-743)
- Al Walid II (743-744)
- Yazid III (744)
- Ibrahim (744)
- Marwan II (744-750)
- The Abbasid Caliphs of Baghdad
- Al Saffah (750-754)
- Al Mansur (754-775)
- Al Mahdi (775-785)
- Al Hadi (785-786)
- Harun Ar Rashid (786-809)
- Al Amin (809-813)
- Al Mamun (813-833)
- Al Mu’tasim (833-842)
- Al Wathiq (842-847)
- Al Mutawakkil (847-861)
- Al Musta’in (862-866)
- Al Mu’taz (866-869)
- Al Muhtadi (869-870)
- Al Mu’tamid (870-892)
- Al Mu’tadid (892-902)
- Al Muktafi (902-908)
- Al Muqtadir (908-932)
- Al Qahir (932-934)
- Al Radi (934-940)
- Al Muttaqi (940-944)
- Al Mustakfi (944-946)
- Al Muti’ (946-974)
- Al Ta’i (974-991)
- Al Qadir (991-1031)
- Al Qa’im (1031-1075)
- Al Muqtadi (1075-1094)
- Al Mustazhir (1094-1118)
- Al Mustarshid (1118-1135)
- Al Rashid (1135-1136)
- Al Muqtafi (1136-1160)
- Al Mustanjid (1160-1170)
- Al Mustadi’ (1170-1180)
- Al Nasir (1180-1225)
- Al Zahir (1226-1242)
- Al Mustansir (1226-1242)
- Al Musta’sim (1242-1258)
- The Ottoman Caliphs of Istanbul
- Selim I (1517-1520)
- Suleyman I (1520-1566)
- Selim II (1566-1574)
- Murad III (1574-1595)
- Mehmet III (1595-1603)
- Ahmet I (1603-1617)
- Mustafa I (1617-1618)
- Osman II (1618-1622)
- Mustafa I (1622-1623)
- Murad IV (1623-1640)
- Ibrahim (1640-1648)
- Mehmet IV (1648-1687)
- Suleyman II (1687-1691)
- Ahmed II (1691-1695)
- Mustafa II (1695-1703)
- Ahmed III (1703-1730)
- Mahmut I (1730-1754)
- Osman III (1754-1757)
- Mustafa III (1757-74)
- Abul Hamid I (1774-1789)
- Selim III (1789-1807)
- Mustafa IV (1807-1808)
- Mehmet II (1808-1839)
- Abdulmecit I (1839-1861)
- Abdul Aziz (1861-1876)
- Murad IV (1876)
- Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909)
- Mehmet Reshat (1909-1918)
- MehmetVI Vaheeduddin (1918-1922)
- Abdulmecit II (1922-1923)
* This article was submitted to the Encyclopedia of Islamic History (www.historyofislam.com) on March 1, 1995. This date may be used as the first date of publication. The article is based on lectures given by Prof. Dr. Nazeer Ahmed in the 1967 to 1992 period.